Case Study April - Anorexia Nervosa - 3467 Words

Case Study: April - Anorexia Nervosa XXXX Pennsylvania State University Case Study: April - Anorexia Nervosa Presenting Concerns April was a 17-year-old high school freshman who presented with severe emaciation due to self-starvation and excessive exercise. Despite being severely underweight, April indicated an intense fear of gaining weight. She bragged about how much weight she had recently lost, though she indicated that her butt was still too fat. She also reported that she was constantly fatigued, had become socially withdrawn and depressed, and that her menstrual period had become highly irregular. The clinician noted a provisional diagnosis of 307.1 Anorexia Nervosa (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000), as†¦show more content†¦Although these issues occurred a little more than a year prior to the current evaluation, the clinician believed it was prudent to note them as they clearly played a role in the development of her disorder. Additionally, the clinician noted ongoing problems related to the social environment, as well as educational problems. April lacked a strong social support network. She had several casual romantic partners, but few, if any, real friends and her family was largely uninvolved in her life. These social problems carried over into her school life as well, where she continued to experience tumultuous relationships with both her teachers and classmates. Her academic performance was poor and she had been cited for truancy on numerous occasions. Finally, the clinician assessed April’s overall level of functioning on Axis V via the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale (Endicott, Spitzer, Fleiss, amp; Cohen, 1976). Although April did not have a history of attempts at suicide, nor did she indicate any suicidal ideations, she was in a severely emaciated state and thus, her health was at serious risk. Therefore, the clinician rated her symptom severity at 19, which indicated that she was in some danger of hurting herself or others (Endicott et al., 1976). She fared slightly better on her level of functioning. She often got into fights at school and displayed serious impairment in relationships with bothShow MoreRelatedSociety’s Influence on Teenagers: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa1294 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican woman weighs 142 pounds. One study showed that 44% of middle school girls who frequently read articles about dieting were twice as likely to try fasting and dieting and were three times more likely to try self-induced vomiting than girls who didnt read the articles. (Recovery and Support Network, 2008) I believe it is these influences of society that are leading to more and more young girls being diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. You may be saying to yourself, â€Å"I haveRead MoreSociety’s Influence on Young Girls: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa1296 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican woman weighs 142 pounds. One study showed that 44% of middle school girls who frequently read articles about dieting were twice as likely to try fasting and dieting and were three times more likely to try self-induced vomiting than girls who didnt read the articles. (Recovery and Support Network, 2008) I believe it is these influences of society that are leading to more and more young girls being diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. You may be saying to yourself, â€Å"I haveRead MoreThe Eating Disorder Anorexia Nervosa Essay example1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe Eating Disorder Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a relentless pursuit of excessive thinness that interferes with the fulfillment of responsibilities to the self and to others because it produces an intense and irrational fear of becoming fat, an obsession with food and weight control, and a life threatening weight loss. Eventually, a series of starvation-induced physical and psychological changes threatens control over eating and motivates more conscientious efforts to reduce. TheRead MoreEssay about Anorexia1456 Words   |  6 PagesNational Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, there are over 24 Million people that suffer from eating disorders.   What is an eating disorder though?   The simple definition of this disease is that a person exhibits abnormal eating behaviors.   There are many different variations to these disorders but they share many of the same characteristics such as: fear of becoming obese, obsession with thinness, food, weight, and even calorie counting.   O f the many cases though what is the mainRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa4434 Words   |  18 PagesPsychology of Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa is currently viewed by society as an extremely complicated disorder, misunderstood, over looked, and misjudged based on the stigmas of society. People who suffer from eating disorders like Anorexia do not always report the fact they are in living with the disorder because they are ashamed or scared of what might happen to them or what people will say. An individual may also feel that they do not met the exact criteria of Anorexia Nervosa in the DSM 5Read MoreAnorexia Nervos A Severe Mental Illness1974 Words   |  8 Pages Anorexia nervosa is a severe mental illness which carries mental, physical and psychological consequences. It is often characterised by low body weight and image distortion, along with obsessive concerns and fears about the gaining of weight.(1) This constant anxiety of weight gain manifests itself through the deprivation of food and excessive exercise. Anorexia Nervosa can broken down further into the restricting type where weight loss is achieved through the restriction of calories,(2) or theRead MoreProposal for Evidence Based Practice Paper for Anorexia Nervosa in Teenagers2153 Words   |  9 Pagesbetween the ages of twelve and eighteen who are diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). It will address the nature and extent of the issue of AN in the target population, weigh the positive and negative aspects of different types of therapies on the target population and show the potential limitations of the use of DBT versus other forms of therapies. Proposal for Evidence Based Practice Paper This paper will discuss Anorexia Nervosa as an eating disorder that predominantly affects girls andRead MoreThe Seriousness of Emotional Deprivation1225 Words   |  5 Pagesif their sense of security and self-confidence is to be restored. However, if love is minimal and abuse high, the damage will be permanent and the children will suffer emotional impairments for the rest of their lives,† said by Mark Z. Danielewski, April 11th, 2014. The issue of child abuse dates all the way back to colonial times in 1809 before organized child protection began. Back in this time child abuse wasn’t recognized by people as a serious issue so many people were able to kill children withoutRead More Eating Disorders Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pages Researchers study eating disorders to try to understand their many complexities. â€Å"Eating disorders are complicated psychiatric illnesses in which food is used to deal with unsettling emotions and difficult life issues† (Michel Willard, 2003, p. 2). To help those with eating disorders, one must understand the causes, effects and treatments associated with the disorders. Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Compulsive Overeating are three common eating disorders found in society today. â€Å"No oneRead MoreThe Effects Of Excessive Weight On Weight Loss And Weight Related Outcomes1211 Words   |  5 Pagesfocused on weight or weight-related co-morbidities (e.g. glycaemia, blood pressure) as outcomes, included quantitative data, were published in peer-reviewed journals, and were published in English. Reviews, commentaries, case studies, and articles focusing on anorexia nervosa, bulimia, or eating behaviors not in support of beneficial weight loss were excluded. Results: A total of 19 out of 46 retrieved articles were included in the review. Mindful eating interventions were shown to decrease weight

Racial Identity By Dr. Beverly Tatum - 1141 Words

Author, Dr. Beverly Tatum a clinical psychologist whose main study of interest is Black children’s racial identity development wrote the text Why Are All the Black Kids sitting Together in the Cafeteria? After receiving a letter from a school principal in New Jersey applauding her on her reason of why, in racially mixed schools all over the country, Black kids were still sitting together in school cafeterias. In the text Tatum shares her thoughts about the development of racial identity faced by the African American population and how it is interrelated to racism at the turn of the twentieth century while highlighting the Black-White relation in childhood and adolescence age group. The book entails controversy in that, Dr. Tatum understanding of racism is centered heavily on race. Tatum’s explanation of racism suggest that Blacks cannot be racist based on the fact their racial bigotry do not stand or rest on a structure of advantage. Racism is defined as a structure of benefit based on race there is a significant difference between racism and prejudice, racism is the sum of prejudice and power system of advantage based on race (Tatum, 1997) with examples such as housing, better schools, jobs, social and economic status. Benefits of talking about racism may include improved level of consciousness regarding the impact of race on students and their accomplishment in the classroom; opportunity to compare data that suggested African American students were not experiencing theShow MoreRelatedThe And Race Expert Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum1312 Words   |  6 PagesAbout the Authors Author, scholar, and race expert Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum is the former president of the Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia and Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Tatum received her B.A. in psychology at Wesleyan University, and her M.A. in religious studies at Hartford Seminary. She also received her doctoral degree in clinical psychology at the University of Michigan. Dr. Tatum began her career serving as an Associate Professor and Assistant Professor atRead MoreBeverly Daniel Tatum Ph.D. Is An Expert On Race Relations1258 Words   |  6 PagesBeverly Daniel Tatum PH.D. is an expert on race relations and the development of racial identity. Tatum guides her readers through racial identity and major ideas and concepts regarding race. Throughout the book readers will better understand the racial dynamic of their everyday lives, along with suggestive actions toward a more equitable world for all. The following paragraph gives a summary of the book, breaking it dow n into the IV parts containing ten chapters. Part I A Definition of Terms:Read MoreAnalyzing Race and Colorblindness in Academics1599 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the facilitation of race dialogue and accurate societal representation. The adopted ideology of liberal colorblindness in universities such as San Jose State is a social regression because it is rooted in the secretive enforcement of dominant racial group mentality, harmful stereotype threat, inadequate societal representation, and deflected responsibility. San Jose State was the academic and athletic home of Tommie Smith and John Carlos. The campus is adorned with a statue paying tribute toRead MoreConflict Between Two Cultures, The Chinese American And The White Culture2368 Words   |  10 Pagescharacters can be separated into two distinct categories, empathizers and antagonists. Empathizers are the individuals that allow other cultures to exist freely within their city in the United States. They make no attempts to suppress other’s cultural identity, instead, they make decisions that promote the coexistence of multiple cultures. For example, when Jin Wang went out on a date with a white girl this would represent two cultures actively working to coexist (Yang 164). In this case, the girl wouldRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together? Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesWhile in this class we read much from Beverly Tatum’s book Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria. Tatum gives a great or der of racial identity in this book that everyone can relate too, and can work their way through the different levels. I feel like I can personally relate to the sixth stage of racial identity – autonomy. This states that someone has positive feelings about oneself as white. During the earlier stages of racial identity one could begin to feel uncomfortableRead MoreAcknowledging My Privilege By Beverly Daniel Tatum s Article Talking About Race, Learning About Racism `` Essay2334 Words   |  10 Pagesmyself as a white person. To me, being colorblind and attempting to look at everyone as just a person, were ways I avoided being racist. This course, taught by Dr. Bianca Williams, has enabled me to change my views on racism and race to a move correct outlook. I now understand that it is my duty to be able to acknowledge my race and other identities and the privileges that come with being a white, middle class, heterosexual person. I used to think that interpersonal racism was t he main problem in the UnitedRead MoreEssay about Multiculturalism in America3204 Words   |  13 PagesAmerican identity, but it is frequently confused with diversity and wrongly associated with reverse racism. The average American believes that multiculturalism is a fancy word for racial diversity and that by integrating racially diverse imagery into pop culture America has morphed into a society of multiculturalists. Unfortunately, the advertising industry and intellectual print journalism reflect these attitudes. Print advertisements often reinforce ethnic stereotyping, use provocative racial imageryRead More Teaching Race Explicitly in the Classroom Essay4727 Words   |  19 Pagesstudents that have been used by black educators. I have compiled several shared approaches from Lisa Delpit author of Other People’s Children, Gloria Ladson-Billings author of The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children, Beverly Tatum author of Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? bell hooks author of Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom, and Geneva Smitherman, author of several essays on black student writing. The works by

At a Watershed Advanced nursing practice in Australia Free Essays

There is no more gratifying labor in health care than nursing. The nurses have always been on the front line in a struggle for sound mankind. Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary identifies nurse as â€Å"a person trained and experienced in nursing matters and entrusted with the care of the sick and the carrying out of medical and surgical routines† (â€Å"Nurse†). We will write a custom essay sample on At a Watershed: Advanced nursing practice in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is true, but gives misdescription of this medical profession whose scope is much wider and complex. Nursing is the largest health profession in Australia. Since the middle of the 80s last century the total number of employed nurses has been relatively stable, although the occupational composition has changed: registered nurses showed growth in comparison with enrolled ones. The recent reports by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare demonstrated such a tendency (qtd. in Hilless Healy 64). Despite of this fact we witness Australia–wide shortage of nurses, with no signs of improvement for many years running (Iliffe 4). One can say that nursing practice in Australia is at a watershed of its development. The outcome would depend on what public affairs will be undertaken to overcome the present situation. The issue involves the necessity to implement advanced nursing practices, to lift up prestige of the profession, to review the system of remuneration of labor, to improve education standards as well. To find the ways to success in advanced practice of nursing in Australia we should examine its current position, indicators of quality, political and industrial contexts, and educational requirements, analyze them and make the conclusions. Making the considerable part of medical professional workers, nursing in Australia seems to form an image of health care system to a considerable degree. The community holds the Australian nurses in a high regard which reflects in â€Å"very positive public image† of this profession (Iliffe 5). But the very serious issue of shortages â€Å"in many areas of nursing, principally operating theatre, critical and intensive care, accident and emergency, cardiothoracic, neonatal care, midwifery and mental health† (qtd. in Hilless Healy 64) contributed to some loss of health care services provide by advanced nurses due to associated excess workload combined with an ageing nursing workforce (Levett 3). For instance, â€Å"in 1998, there were 9.5 nurses per 1000 population in Australia, which is around the middle range for western European countries [†¦], but slightly more than in Canada and the USA† (Hilless and Healy 64). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare in 1999 reported that the public hospitals were the largest contributors to nurses’ occupancy in the Commonwealth at a rate of 47% while 82% from a total number of nurses were registered ones (qtd. in Hilless Healy 64). That means that Australia in fact has positive result in increasing number of highly qualified professionals in nursing. The Federal Government recently pays much attention to this sector of health care. It defined nursing as a national priority area; provided scholarships for undergraduate and postgraduate nursing education; funded the clinical component of nursing courses (Iliffe 4). But government’s efforts are not sufficient to cardinally improve the situation. The latest report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare has shown, that the amount of nurses workload â€Å"increased 8.9% between 1995-96 and 1999-00† (qtd. in Iliffe 4). The same report indicates that more than 50% of nurses work part–time to handle their schedule. As a result we see reducing rate of qualified nurses per 100,000 population from 1074 in 1993 to 1018 in 1999 (Iliffe 4). In the hospitals the rate of the patients per nurse reduced â€Å"from 44.6 patient discharges per FTE nurse in 1995–1996, to 49.3 in 1998–1999† (qtd. in Hilless and Healy 64). The Federal Government also set a goal to extend the supply of nurse practitioners in rural and remote regions. Now the situation is so that primary care professional workers’ number in urban and rural centers noticeably differs from those in remote territories. The government tries to encourage relocation of nurses to such territories. Health services for rural inhabitants have become the main concern for it. â€Å"More funding was announced for medical schools in rural Australia, to pay allied health professionals to work with rural general practitioners, for the establishment of specialist outreach services for rural areas, more scholarships for rural students in Australian medical schools, and programs to attract pharmacists to rural areas† (Hilless Healy 64). The certain reducing of quality of medical services provided by the nurses due to their shortage raised the issue of indicators for advanced practice. Gavin Mooney affirms that â€Å"one of the central issues in health care is that of deciding how to value health† (22). Of course the high level of health is a major indicator for successful health care system. Among the key criteria of assessment of health care system its satisfactoriness for public is of great importance. Recent public opinion surveys have shown that there is disappointment among the consumers with some aspects of this system, to wit consumer costs and hospital waiting lists. â€Å"Only 18% of Australians thought the system worked well and needed only minor changes, compared with 34% feeling that way ten years ago† (Hilless and Healy 86). To achieve good quality of health care services in Australia the regulatory agencies implement high requirements to competency of nurses. They are required to maintain legal, ethical, and professional standards of nursing practice which includes, but is not limited to, confidentiality, professional boundaries, and mandatory reporting; to demonstrate accountability for maintaining current knowledge in the nurse’s field of practice. To participate in self-evaluation and in activities to enhance life-long learning; to serve as a role model, especially in preventive care, forming public opinion and being leaders in all matters that influence health (Dobrossy 2). The licensed practical nurses have to be well–educated to meet the basic needs of the client, to give nursing care under the direction and supervision of the registered nurse or licensed physician to clients in routine nursing situations. Registered nurse should assist in implementing the nursing process while recognizing religious and cultural diversity; support patient’s autonomy (Mason and Smith 12); use communication skills effectively; assist in health teaching of the client, recognizing individual differences; utilize the nursing process, as a framework for critical thinking, in providing safe, goal-directed individualized care; direct health teaching to clients. In the issue of advanced nursing practice the qualitative aspects of the nursing care delivery process are also of great importance. â€Å"Gaining understanding and skill at balancing professional relationships while also knowing the risks of caring are critical components of providing excellent supportive care to patients and their families† (Bakke and King 182). As a manager of care, nurse should demonstrate responsibility for own actions by using common techniques of problem solving and decision making to plan and organize own assignment; recognize the need for change in a structural health care setting and demonstrate willingness to participate in effecting change (Grumbach 1518). The observance of the above mentioned requirements forms the advanced nursing practice and is under control of statutory boards throughout the Commonwealth which also are in charge of registering medical professionals (Hilless and Healy 65). The assessment of health sector performance is conducted by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the National Health Performance Committee and the Australian Council on Health Care Standards. Also many state programs are devoted to elaboration and implementation of performance and outcomes. But till now the measurement of health care performance continue to be greatly complicated (qtd. in Hilless and Healy 29). How to cite At a Watershed: Advanced nursing practice in Australia, Papers

Ebola Virus Essay In English Example For Students

Ebola Virus Essay In English The Ebola VirusCause of DisorderEbola is a virus and part of the negative-stranded RNA family known as filovirus. It was discovered in 1976 in Africa and was named after a river in Zaire. When the virus is looked at under an electron microscope the filoviridae appear as being long, thin and occasionally they have branches sprouting from one place or another. Ebola can also take the form of a U or a b. There are four known strains of the virus; they are Ebola Sudan, Ebola Zaire, Ebola Reston and Ebola Tai. Ebola Reston only causes disease in monkeys but as the rest of them take approximately 8 hours to duplicate itself. How is it TransmittedThe Ebola virus can easily be transmitted through direct contact of blood, organs, secretions of any kind and semen from any person infected. Another method is that of used needles that have been infected. With all countries considered, the 3rd world and the reuse of needles are a common practice, due to lack of funds and supplies. Though recovered patients pose no serious threat, the virus is present up to 7 weeks after being treated. Vomit and diarrhea contain the infected blood and mucus so any contact with this, e.g. in poor drinking water can cause contraction of the virus. Luckily enough Ebola is not airborne and in some cases due to its self-limiting nature, it has been known to die out within a person before killing the host. In one case when a Swiss researcher found the Ebola Tai virus, she contracted it from a chimpanzee. This was during an investigation into the spur of deaths among them at the time. To this day, there is still no evidence as to what h ost carried the virus before humans and no location of the virus is known. The Effect on the BodyWithin the 4 to 16 days the Ebola virus starts to show its face with headaches, fevers, chills, muscle aches and a loss of appetite. As the virus progresses, patients start to experience diarrhea, rashes, a sore throat, vomiting, abdominal pain, and chest pain. The ability and functions of the liver and kidneys become limited, and internal and external bleeding starts. The blood no longer clots and that obviously causes serious problems. Capillaries start to bleed which leads to the loss of intravascular volume, and then soon death, all within 17 days of infection. Fatal cases (70%-90%) are due to shock, internal bleeding, and an acute respiratory disorder; those at the serious stage of the attack are often delirious, combative and difficult to control. To put it frankly, after about a week and a bit the internal organs have turned to mush and theres no hope. PreventionThere is no vaccine for the Ebola virus so the only way to prevent an outbreak is education of what this virus is truly capable of doing and how victims can be properly treated. The key to saving a population from massacre is prompt isolation before the virus has a chance to hop hosts. An essential element to finding a method of safety is to track the virus to what may have carried it before humans but there is no evidence of this. There was a massive inquiry in to the host after the outbreaks of 1976 and 1979 but again no evidence. Doctors confronted with the disease are to follow the Barrier Technique; this includes the following actions:1) Doctors and nurses wear gowns, masks, gloves, and goggles when caring for patients,2) The patients visitors are cut off,3) Disposable materials are burned after use,4) All reusable materials are sterilized before use,5) The virus is easily killed by disinfectants, so all hard surfaces are cleaned with a sanitizing solution. .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 , .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .postImageUrl , .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 , .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66:hover , .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66:visited , .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66:active { border:0!important; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66:active , .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66 .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua426152d08a63d08b8ed57e3db087d66:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Healthy Eating EssayTreatmentThe Ebola virus can be diagnosed by the detection of Ebola antigens, antibodies, or genetic material. It can also be found with the help of a culture from any of the three sources. With such a high mortality rate of 70% to 90%, it is obvious that there is no cure for such a powerful virus. In comparison to AIDS (level 2) the Ebola virus is at a level 4 pathogen, only the deadliest known to man get this classification, yet the range of severity could be relatively mild or fatal. That leaves a lot open to fate and your immune system. Works Sitedhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol2no2/olsen.htmhttp://www.ebola.gb.nethttp://www.search/ualr.edu/~mgolson/ebola.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/disease/urtfvr/ebolainf.htm

Analytical Essay Sample on Organizational Behavior Main Barriers and Steps to Overcome Them

Analytical Essay Sample on Organizational Behavior Main Barriers and Steps to Overcome Them Essay on Barriers to effective communication in a group: Effective communication is very significant for the determination of the company’s trend. It is important to note that effective communication fosters the attainment of the group’s preset goals. Conversely, miscommunication leads to delivery of invalid information hence decline in the productivity of the group. In severe cases, lack of effective communication promotes misunderstanding between the involved parties thus may end up in conflicts. In order for communication to hold and be effective, the mode of information transmission ought to be reliable, and this will deem complete upon the reception of the feedback. However, it is difficult to attain effective communication owing to various barriers that deem detrimental. The management of every organization should enact policies governing communication within the hierarchy of the group to avert the encroaching barriers. Lack of trust Trust is one of the fundamental elements of any successful team. As highlighted, the level of trust progresses positively or negatively in each interaction amongst members of a given group (Robbins and Tim 316). When trust cease to exist between various parties within the group, then the information may not reach the intended destination in its original form. Lack of trust hinders the communication process in the sense that some group members may distort some information aimed at enhancing communication. This implies lack of trust is an impetus to information distortion and manipulation that lead to miscommunication hence making the organization less effective. Trust instills confidence amongst the group members hence the increased openness amongst the group members. This boosts the efficiency of the communication. Information Filtering A sender may intentionally manipulate information so that it appears favorable. For instance, when a manager tells his/her boss exactly what he feels, the boss may opt to hear only what he wants. This attitude tends to flow with the level at which an employee is in the hierarchy of the organization. However, filtering sometimes occurs in are status differences. Reasons of fear of conveying displeasing news and the effort of pleasing the boss forces employees often to convey only the message that they think their superiors want to hear. This distorts upward communications (Robbins and Tim 316). Selective perception and perceptual barriers An employee on the receiving end might capitalize on selective perception whereby he/she contributes to communication based on their respective current needs, motivations, experience, background, and some other personal characteristics. Likewise, receivers project their own interests and personal expectations into communications when decoding information. In some cases, the inferiority complex amongst the junior members of the organization may deter them from delivering the actual information to their senior counterparts in management owing to their fear of being fired. Information overload Our mind has a limited data processing capacity. In situations when we are bombarded with much information exceeding the processing capacity, this causes information. This becomes a barrier of communicating since people can only manage a limited amount of information. It is apparent that, the levels of understanding amongst the group members vary significantly. Some modes of communication therefore may deem ineffective owing to some members of the organization owing to their differences in various perspectives that may include education level, physical disparities, and other factors. Emotional factors Emotional status of an employee can cause one to interpret a given message in a different perspective. Some of the emotional disruptions are anger and depression. One can have a different interpretation to similar information when angry and when happy. Emotions in the work place may lead to withdrawal of an employee and distrust. In cases of anger, an employee can cause harm to others and become less productive. Language barrier It important to note that, various organizations draw its membership from persons of different cultural backgrounds such as race, ethnicity, and religion. Some of the organization members may find difficult to fathom the official language embraced by the organization. This is mainly due to the language barrier. The use of some anecdotes may mean differently to a faction of the group members. This is highly witnessed when employees get used to abbreviations. Language barrier is common especially due to the different age groups in the work place. This results to inefficient flow of information, and at times, it may result in misunderstanding among the employees. Silence Any rational employer should not ignore silence since it means absence of information on the ongoing operations in an organization. Therefore, it is important for the management of the organization to encourage feedback from its members regarding client satisfaction, job satisfaction, and other feedbacks with respect to their notices and press releases. Silence means no communication at all. Employees, who decide to go silent about what they are going through, may also suffer psychological stress. The senior management should encourage downward communication, job satisfaction and to solve the problem of intimidation. It is apparent that silence is less where the management holds the opinions of the minority with high esteem (Robbins and Tim 316). Poor communication channels Members of a given group can send and receive information in several ways; different types of messages need different types of communicating channels, with factors of time and distance. Some communication media are more effective compared to others; given the situation. Some channels of communication may deem slow hence untimely delivery of the information. Normally, the face-to-face (FTF) medium of communication is the most reliable means to ensure the correct perception of the information. California Pizza Kitchen scenario The effectiveness of communication has been significantly interfered with, at the California Pizza Kitchen, which is an established fast food company. It is apparent that the company is a global leader in fast foods. The locations of the company’s branches mainly dwell in the flight destinations and stopovers globally. Therefore, most of the company’s customers are diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, and religious backgrounds among other factors. Recently, the company has reported a significant decline in its profits owing to decreased customers. The main cause of this is that the company has not been able to meet the demands of their customers because its employees are drawn from the USA and thus do not understand the expression of its customers whose native languages are not English with regard to tastes and preferences. It is also evident that there is a gap between the management of California Pizza Kitchen and its junior employees. This is attributed to poor commu nication channels between the top management of the company and its junior employees. Mostly, the managers use the notice board to communicate with the companys employees. This is ineffective in the sense that its employees hardly find time to check on the notice boards. This has led to the failure of the employees to respond to the demands made by the management through the issuance of the notices. Therefore, the development of cold relationship between the management and the junior employees is simmering hence denting the performance and reputation of the company (Robbins, Judge, Millett, and Waters-Marsh 253) Overcoming the barriers Lack of trust In order to address miscommunication that accrues because of this barrier, the management of the organization should capacity build its members by carrying out education workshops on a regular basis. This fosters the team building and inculcation of trust among the group members. By engaging the members in get-together parties and motivational trips, the members will be able to share ideas hence gain trust amongst themselves. During these meetings, the junior members will be able to interact with their managers hence get rid of the allayed fear whilst gaining trust. Communication in this case will be smooth and effective due to high level of trust amongst the group members. Silence and poor communication channels Silence means there is a lack of feedback to sender regarding disseminated information. The management of the organization should encourage its members to acknowledge the reception of the information disseminated and to provide feedbacks promptly. In order to avert silence, the management should involve all members in coming up with the most appropriate channels of communication that deems fit for members to receive the information and provide the feedback in a timely manner. By involving all members, the management will identify and do away with the poor communication channels. Language barrier The management of the organization should enact policies regarding the employee behaviors and the formal language embraced by the company. The full understanding of the formal language recommended by the company should be part of the hiring requirements. This will alleviate miscommunication resulting from the language barrier. Emotional factors and information filtering Depending on the nature of the information to be disseminated, the management of the organization should monitor the moods of the intended recipients before passing the information. In some cases, guidance and counseling of the intended recipients is necessary to prepare them for the negative impacts the information may have on them. Information filtering is therefore, not necessary.

The management styles Essay Example

The management styles Essay Example The management styles Essay The management styles Essay The management styles that Tesco have adopted helps the employees feel useful by contribution to Tesco. Having a voice in Tesco will make the employees feel more motivated, when I went Tesco the tour guider said they do discussions like team meetings. He also said Tesco gives every employee 1000 to going a skill, this could be educational, communication or to do a once in a life time experience like sky diving. This clearly shows Tesco looks after it employees, so they can get the best out of their employees to do the work if the employees are happy to work they work better more productive.As a whole the organisational structure and culture are likely to help in the completion of the objectives that are set. A3. Evaluate an alternative approach to quality control or quality assurance. This is how well the product is being manufactured, this could be types of ingredients used, the hygiene around the process of manufacturing or the time of the product. Tesco has brought in a external company to complete the manufacturing process. They have done this in order to maintain the highest standards of products.Tesco has three different working shifts to make sure that the products are being watched over during the manufacturing stage 24 hours a day. They are always cleaning up the floor and the equipment that has been used. They have people writing reports on the quality of the process and making sure it is always up to standard. They also have Health and Safety people checking the quality. The information from the checks is used to improve performance or to see if it meeting its targets.This will help to meet the needs of the customers by giving them satisfaction. The quality assurance where all the employees in Tesco have the responsibility of all the stages of the production process. This means the employees check the production process and the quality is at a high standard. This means the shift workers will have to make regular checks for the ingredients to be made into health care products. This helps improve the quality of the production at each stage. This means the finished product will reach the customers at the highest quality.When the quality is always high the customers will keep buying from Tesco it will make the market share get higher because they wont lose any customers but gain thought the quality of the products. The quality controlled systems is not just used in the production, its also in the finance department, because they need to make sure that all the money transactions are correct if there not the accounts will go wrong and the overall figures will be inaccurate. Also the marketing department has to make sure that research is accurate because if it is they might not be giving what the customers want.

The Black Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Black Death - Essay Example Black Death served as a major turning point in the history of European civilization in that there was a high standard of living for the survivors, several problems arose for the clergy and nobles who apparently, were land owners as well as revolts by urban workers and peasants. The resulting high standard of living led to the more even distribution of wealth as well as the economic recovery after 1450.Popular uprisings were as a result of labor shortages due to death of the inhabitants, which made workers to demand high wages for their work, a thing that guild masters and nobles vehemently opposed. Secondly, Black Death severely exhausted medieval state’s tax base, causing kings to drastically raise taxes so as to meet chronic warfare expenses between England and France (Herlihy, 1997).Finally, the black death created problems for the clergy and nobles in 2 major ways; firstly the huge loss of population in the cities’ led to virtual collapsing of the grain markets, a k ey income source for church landlords and nobles having excess grain for selling. This particularly hurt the clergy and nobles who entirely depended on the land for income and wholly relied on the sale of excess grains in the urban centers for badly required cash. This led to the emergence of 2 main strategies for taking care of this loss in income; clergies and nobles resulted in the sale of liberty to their serfs, which raised quick cash, depriving them future incomes.

Public Relations and Relationship Marketing Essay

Public Relations and Relationship Marketing - Essay Example For the purpose of this paper the following definitions found in the Dictionary of Marketing Terms (___) will be used: Public Relations: "That form of communication management that seeks to make use of publicity and other non paid forms of promotion and information to influence the feelings, opinions or beliefs about the company, its products or services or about the value of the product or service or the activities of the organization to the buyers, prospects or other stakeholders." Relationship Marketing (RM): "Marketing with the conscious aim to develop and manage long-term and/or trusting relationships with customers, distributors, suppliers or other parties in the marketing environment." In this examination of the effectiveness of PR and RM in successful event promotion the term "Event Management" will be used to describe the work of professionals involved in promoting events. Event Management will be seen in the context of the following definition and diagram created by Julia Silvers (2003): "Event management is an intricate weaving of the process and the scope of management functions. As illustrated below, the functional units (grouped by domain) form the warp fibers-the foundation threads of the fabric of an event. The processes-or weft threads-are interwoven through these foundations for each event, with the evaluation thread from one event forming the research thread for the next event. If you eliminate one of the threads, the fabric of the event is weakened, leaving holes or places where it may unravel." Methodology: Extensive research of the literature as well as a number of Internet Sources have resulted in a decision to examine the professional services of one specific company that specializes in all aspects of event planning. The company philosophy and reports on five events they have successfully coordinated will be examined in relation to how PR and RM have been utilized effectively in each situation. The company selected for this purpose is Fundraising Partners Northwest. Event Promotion and Use of PR/RM - In the description of their services on the company website members of Fundraising Partners Northwest state that "the three critical components for success in any fundraising effort are relationships, an effective case for support and teamwork." The company has an excellent track record with regard to promoting and successfully overseeing events. One of the ways the company utilizes relationship techniques that seems to create a platform for success is to meet with clients to discuss their own unique needs and develop strategies for ongoing "support and teamwork." This use of RM in the initial stages of any work the group does has proven to be effective in the company's management of events and other services. By helping to "clearly articulate" each organization's unique needs Fundraising Partners Northwest is able to prepare strategies for meeting goals by "combining tested practices with original ideas." The attached report on the Symphony of Seafood event that was initiated in 1999 by the company is a good illustration of 'well orchestrated' combined use of Public Relations and Relationship Marketing. In 1999, the Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation, sponsoring organization of the Alaska Symphony of Seafoo

Czech Political Parties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Czech Political Parties - Essay Example The upper house, or Senate, elects members every two years for six-year terms (81 total); the lower house, or Chamber of Deputies, has 200 members who are elected for four-year terms. The political parties often join together in coalitions to form a majority or other bloc of votes in the government. Five parties have 10 or more representatives in the Chamber of Deputies; one deputy is an independent (Czechcentrum.cz). More parties hold seats in the Senate, but only two hold more than 10 seats, the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and the Coalition of Four (tykoalice), a coalition of four smaller political parties. The country's oldest political party is the Czech Social Democratic Party (CSSD), formed in 1878 under the old Austro-Hungarian Empire. According to the official Czech government website, the CSSD helped in the formation of Czechoslovakia after WWI and merged with the Communist Party in 1948. It favors a "social market" economy but has also led the drive to privatize former state-owned industries, including the country's large telecommunications system. It is considered left-of-center. The CSSD is most popular with working-class voters in industrial centers, trade union members and public service employees. It is similar to the Social Democratic Party in Germany and the British Labour Party and strongly in favor of the European Union, which the country joined in 2004.

Compare CAD and Manual Drawing

Compare CAD and Manual Drawing P1) Identify and describe a range of equipment, furniture and media necessary to produce manual and CAD drawings for the projects. Manual There are four types of materials traditionally used for drafting, which come in arrange of sizes including; A1, A2 and A3. Types of Paper used for drafting; Bond This is similar to the paper used everyday in office printers. Its the least expensive paper and is usually supplied in roll form for drafting plotters. Bond paper is most commonly used in weights from 18 lb all the way up to 24 lb, but much heavier weights are available and used for mainly posters and presentation work. Mylar This is a drafting film made from plastic material. It has the advantage of being erasable which, if you are working in ink, is a great advantage. Its also semi transparent, making it possible to overlay mylar drawings on a light table to check if line work matches up. The film is however more resistant to tears but is more durable than paper. It is still used with drafting plotters and is available in roll form and in cut sheets. Mylar has a matte side and a shiny side which you draw on. The surface of mylar is quite slippery, and therefore pen companies in the past have released special pens and inks which are developed specifically for drawing on it. Modern plotters have found problems printing on mylar as the material does not absorb ink quickly and therefore is prone to smudging as well as unclear lines. Where as bond paper is far more absorbent and does not smudge so easily. Mylar is also quite expensive. Vellum This is a linen based paper that has traditionally been used for historical building plans along with many drafting offices. The high linen content makes it durable and allows pencil work to be easily erased and revised multiple times. Its not as strong as mylar material but is not as expensive. Vellum also has a smooth surface which does not absorb ink as fast as bond paper. That may cause problems with the ink smudging and therefore is not fit for purpose if used for printing. With this said vellum paper is no longer used today to draft plans. Photo With the advances in drafting printers, photo media became available in roll form for printing super size renderings and images. Its a costly media and is usually reserved for the best of presentation graphics. But it allows the engineering office to do more by taking on work that was previously done by printing shops and the graphic designer. Although these are the four main materials used for drafting tracing has also been used in the past in the drawing industry, but is still heavily used for smaller scale work, such as; school/college/university projects, art projects and much more. Tracing Paper this paper is thin and translucent which enables the drawer to copy the image/design several times easily. The faint lines of the image/design are then re-drawn in pencil and are later filled in using a specific drawing pen. The paper comes in a range of grades for drafting work. They start at around 80g/m2 and go up to around 110g/m2 when there are master copies needed. In the past tracing paper when copied using a ammonia copier it was prone to fading in the light and therefore was not clearly visible. However this problem does not occur anymore due to the introduction of photocopying machines which have no side effects as yet. Drawing boards The drafting table is still in use despite all the advances in computer aided drafting. There are still many individuals who still use the traditional drawing table. Architects, graphic artists and many structural steel drafters use the drawing table to make and modify there drawings on paper along with pencil or ink. Drawing boards are large tables which are angled with a lip and a rule which slides up and down the board. The instruments allow you to create parallel, perpendicular and diagonal lines. Drawing boards are becoming less popular due to the introduction of Computer Aided Design. Pencils These are the main working tool of a draftsperson and are available in arrange of harnesses. The darkest pencil used for technical drawings is a B which is used for shading and adding texture to a drawing. The HB pencil follows which is the most commonly used on a day to day basis but is only used for rough sketches for drafting. The F is used for printing and general line work. Following on from the F is the H pencil which is used for dimension lines and hatching by draftspersons. Finally is the 2H which is used for construction lines. For the finest drawings, all pencils used must be permanently sharp and have standard, smooth point. A soft rubber is used for rubbing out pencil lines. Scale rules Drawing are produced to a particular scale which will fully fit onto a drawing sheet. The main tool which helps you draw scale drawings more easily is a scale rule, the most common scales; 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:250, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:1250 and 1:2500. g/m2: refers to the paper quality and weight Tee Square It can be used as a guide for architectural and mechanical drawings. It consists of two arms joined at 90 degree angles. The smaller arm moves along the edge of the drawing board and the larger arm is used to draw straight parallel lines. It can also be used to support set squares which can draw lines at different angles. Adjustable set squares These are mainly used to draw vertical lines at 90 degree angles to the parallel motion arm. A set square can also produce a line at any angle on the paper by adjusting the scale of the protractor. Propelling Pencils A propelling pencil is very thin and can be easily replicable. Unlike a normal standard pencil a propelling pencil always stays sharp due to the thinness of the lead. The most common leads are 0.5 and 0.7. You can also purchase leads in thicknesses of 0.3, 0.9 and 2mm. Compass These are used to create circles and arcs when drawing. Precision sets include a thumbwheel compass. A standard compass set includes an extension arm, a pen clamp and replaceable leads. The purpose of an extension arm is to draw larger arcs and circles with the same amount of precision. Protractor They are generally made from transparent plastic. Protractors can come either in semi-circle or full 360 degree form. There are bevel protractors which are circular protractors with a pivoted arm used for accurately measuring and creating angles to draw from. Rubbers Rubbers come in a large variety of shapes and form. The trapezium shaped is preferred as its points can rub out pencil lines more accurately. Plastic and putty rubbers can be moulded into points to carry out similar work. CAD For CAD to be successfully installed and used the computer which will run this software must have CPU with 3 GHz or more. This number of GHz will allow the CAD software to run at the correct speed rather than it crashing/freezing. Microsoft Windows Vista or Microsoft XP are both operating systems which allow CAD to be used successfully. The computer will also need 2GB of RAM on its operating disk and 2GB of free space minimum on its hard drive. The computer screen must have revolutions of at least 12801024 pixels which will include a display adapter which is able to produce 32-bite colour 128MB or more if possible. There are three main hardware configurations for the use of a CAD system. Depending on the size of the company and office will decide which hardware will be in use. The first software configuration is a standalone single user which simply means that the information and software is held by a private domain. Therefore CAD drawings can only be sent by email or sent by post. The next main hardware configuration is a small office based intranet where CAD drawings and document information is held in a project folder which is within the computers server. The work is organised by a plot management function which segregates the drawings in order of importance. Therefore the company can easily track and record the drawings within the software easily. Finally the third main hardware configuration is a large multi located extranet set up for a wide area network which contains various members of a project team which are more often than not in different parts of the country or countries. As there may be members of the project team in another country this extranet allows the members to easily access the drawings or information which has been uploaded from the drawing office onto the internet through subscription. Mouses, keyboards, digitisers/pads and light pens are used everyday by CAD workers. Mouses A standard mouse has two buttons which are positioned where your fingers lie on the mouse. 2D motion ball mouses are also used and easily direct the mouse much like a standard mouse. More advanced mouses include scroll buttons or additional buttons which are found on the side of the mouse which allow the user to carry out a task quicker. Laser mouses are far more accurate than a standard mouse as the movements are a lot more refined. There are more advanced mouses like the trackball mouse which are far more accurate due to the trackball which is located at the top of the mouse. These mouses are used by designers, gamers and web designers. The actual trackball contains optical and mechanical sensors which are able to track movement and therefore gain on accuracy. Keyboards The most common is the QWERTY keyboard which is used for everyday life and has all requirements covered. However if you are sat at your desk in the office all day you may face some health and safety issues due to the basic design of the QWERTY keyboard. Therefore there are keyboards specifically designed for this issue which are called Ergonomic keyboards which are designed to relieve stress. Using a keyboard can result to carpal tunnel syndrome and repetitive stress injury therefore the ergonomic keyboard was designed for this purpose and is recommended by doctors. Finally there is the DVORAK keyboard which is an ergonomic alternative to the QWERTY keyboard. QWERTY keyboards were designed to comply with typewriters and therefore they are ineffective for touch typing. For that reason the DVORAK keyboard was invented for touch typing which also adds to the comfort of the typer. Digitisers/pads and light pens These are electronic drawing pads which allow people to easily draw and scribe free hand. This enables easier usage of the computer. P4 AutoCAD AutoCAD is usually used on Microsoft desktop software and is available in around 20 languages. It is a form of CAD software which is used to produce 2/3 dimensional designs. AutoCAD can be used for a range of tasks including designing landscapes, buildings and automotive machinery. The earlier versions of AutoCAD used basic functions which included lines, circles, arcs, plotlines and text. The latest version of AutoCAD is more advanced than the earlier additions and is able to form solid modelling such as creating prisms, boxes and spheres. There are also far more detailed and accurate models which use 3D tools. There are many support programs which use AutoCAD such as Auto LISP, VBA, Object ARX and Visual LISP. Object ARX is a base model which helped create AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Civil 3D and AutoCAD Electrical. AutoCAD LT This is a smaller, cheaper version of AutoCAD which can easily be purchased from computer stores unlike the full version of AutoCAD, purely due to the cost of the who AutoCAD programs. AutoCAD LT costs around $900 where as the full version of AutoCAD costs around $4000 which is far more specialist. AutoCAD LT costs around a quarter of the price of the AutoCAD full version as it has to compete with other similar softwares where as the full version of AutoCAD is unique and is the only software of its type used by company in this sector of work. However due to the cheapness of AutoCAD LT software there are some features which are excluded from this software which are included on the full version of AutoCAD. One of the features excluded from the LT version is the 3D function, others include the exclusion of LISP programs and the inability to interact with 3rd party programs. AutoCAD student version This version has a noticeable price difference for student, teachers and lecturers, and can be licensed for 14 months. There are few features which are included on AutoCAD but of which are excluded from the AutoCAD student version. However when a DWG file is created or changed by the student the file is given an educational flag and when this type of file is printed on AutoCAD software it has a plot stamp or banner on all four sides and therefore makes it invalid for commercial use. If a student imports a DWG commercial file they will infect the file so that it can then be used commercially. Also a registered student can has access to free AutoDesk applications from the AutoDesk community. Hence the student therefore has access to the Civil 3D version and the Architectural version of AutoCAD softwares. Other AutoCAD softwares There are many vertical programs which have been designed such as AutoCAD Architecture or AutoCAD Civil 3D. These vertical programs allow the designer to illustrate 3D objects with more intelligent data rather than using sample lines, circles and other solid objects. The program can also be programmed to symbolize products used to construct the design. Therefore the data can be used to estimate the overall cost for the construction of the building, the cost of the materials and other values needed for the building as a whole. Managing CAD Designers need to be assured that the CAD software will save, store and manage their work efficiently so that it can easily be found if changes are required. To achieve this, major companys have different files for their software. Graphisofts ArchiCAD is an example of this. This software depending on whether the data is two or three dimensional, Graphisofts ArchiCAD uses a filing system of which the designers work is stored in a drawing database. DWG files can be easily imported onto this system and this allows a larger range of information to be stored. Thanks to the DWG software, the latest version of CAD has been strengthened and developed by using the DWG software as the primary file format. Due to the filing system employed by the DWG system it is popular with most designers. Due to frequent updates CAD is now a well-built piece of software and has helped improve modern day computers due to the requirements needed to run the CAD software successfully. The modern day computer now has a greater ram, better resolutions, far more memory, superior CPU and more enhanced hard drives which means that the computer can easily support the softwares which are ran through them. CAD can project an image in several ways, of which include; Orthographically, Isometrically, Axonometrically and can use perspective views but sometimes an exploded view is used. An exploded view can take apart an image to show the parts and layers which enables you to examine all parts of the original image. This view is used by Architects and Engineers to enable them to perfect their projects. A designer can use pre-set symbols to represent objects such as doors for a cross section of a building. CAD also allows you to use standard house designs, which can save time for architects and therefore allows them to be ahead of the project and deadlines. The CAD software allows you to easily save work into electronic drawings and also enables you to transfer drawings by email. CAD enables you to create very realistic designs and images depending on the specific CAD software which you are using. The software allows you to create 3D virtual environments which include pictures of real life buildings and people. Other softwares enable you to create naturalistic textures including sunlight, shadows, plants which move in the wind and people walking or moving. To meet the clients needs certain CAD programs allow you to create walkthroughs. This allows the client to visually see their building in a realistic view rather than two or three dimensional form drawing. Advantages and Disadvantages of using CAD and Manual drawings Manual Drawings Advantages; Cheaper to buy the equipment needed to construct the drawings such as set squares or scale rules. If the equipment is broken or not working correctly the user can simply buy a new one without having to go to allot of trouble. The equipment never needs updating as it is already adequate to carry out the job correctly. If you are on site it is far easier to use a manual drawing as you are able to get a better perspective and scale. Easy to modify a manual drawing. You do not need as much technical ability. You always have a hard copy. Disadvantages; Takes a long time to post or fax the drawing to the client. Need a large, light area to set out and work on the drawing. The equipment can be effected by human error maybe a shaky hand. It takes a long time to construct or reproduce a drawing when manually drawing. It is difficult to get the pressure applied to the pencil to determine the type of line you are looking to achieve whether it is a tracer line or primary line. A manual drawing can get easily damaged. A manual drawing is far harder to store as each drawing takes up space and you need put a storage system in place so that each individual drawing can easily be found. CAD Advantages; The drawing can be accurate as the tolls on the software are electronic so they wont be affected by human error such as the incorrect thickness of line. The user can save their work to any electronic storage device such as the hard drive of the computer or a CD or even a memory stick. The computer memorises the drawing in every dimension possible so that the user doesnt have to waste time trying to remember what the drawing looked like and which is which drawing. It is very easy for the user to rectify any mistakes they have made or to move a part of the drawing. Rotate a 3D drawing or to erase any irrelevant parts. The drawing can be transferred by email, saving on postage time and cost. CAD is far quicker to use. The storage and organisation of drawing using CAD software means drawings can easily be stored, dont take up any office space and are well organised and maintained. Disadvantages; Some shapes are still very difficult to draw using CAD software. It is very expensive to purchase CAD software no matter what version you choose. The computer and the necessary equipment needed have to be maintained and regularly updated which adds to costs. If the software was to crash or something went wrong it will need to be fixed by a professional in this field of work which costs time and money. CAD is very difficult to use and is regularly updated, therefore it is very hard to use and understand. As a result you will regularly need to be trained on how to use the software which adds to costs and time. If the software was to break all of the drawings and information ever saved on the computer software may be lost. CAD is not always suitable for site work. There are always doubts concerning glitches or viruses to the computer system. How the quality of graphical information significantly affects the quality of the completed civil engineering/construction project. In the construction industry finished work it contains a number of things such as the written specification; whether the designers requirements were met or not; whether the contractor has estimated the cost accurately or not; the products are ordered within time; whether the design and construction team have kept misunderstandings to a minimum. Consequently the graphical information for the civil engineering/construction project must always be correct and accurate. The graphical information should include every single material or item that is needed for the civil engineering/construction project with all its specifications. The designer must ensure they have created an accurate drawing along with a detailed schedule plan. This will ensure the contractor has the all of the correct products ordered before the work is supposed to commence. However if the architect or designer knows they have not achieved an accurate drawing they may include a schedule which they have used already on a similar project so that they can spend the remaining time modifying their drawing so that it meets their own and the clients standards. Though this may save time for the architect to create a perfectly accurate drawing the schedule is inaccurate and therefore lowers the standard of the project and also may add to costs as they may have the wrong equipment as the schedule is not specific to the project. If the schedule initiates up to the construction stage this may cause the project to run past the deadline dates and therefore add cost to the overall project. If the designer creates an accurate drawing for the project which is specific and contains the specific schedule it means that the overall finished construction of the project should also be of a high quality because it allows the contractors to plan ahead before the construction work starts. But if a schedule of high quality is used on the project which has originally used on a similar project the quality of the overall construction will suffer as a result. So no matter how detailed a schedule or information is on the drawing will only create a high quality project if it is specific and accurate to the job.

Essay on Viscontis Interpretation of Manns Death in Venice

Visconti's Interpretation Mann's of Death in Venice Thomas Mann's "Death in Venice" is a very complex novella. To put it on screen, a director has to pick the most important (or easiest to portray) elements from the mythological, psychological and philosophical lines of the story. The plot would remain largely intact. I am most interested in the story of Aschenbach's homosexuality, so I would be concerned with the strange-looking men, Aschenbach's dreams, and the parallel between the denial of the sickness in Venice and his own denials about Tadzio. Throughout the novel, Ashenbach notices strange-looking men. The same language is used to describe the features they share. The first is the catalyst for his adventure. The traveler is clean-shaven, snub-nosed, a redhead, with furrows between his eyebrows and his teeth bared (p 4 Norton Critical). Next are a hunchbacked, scruffy sailor and the theatrical goateed ticket-taker (13). Then, the old fop in the yellow suit. He has a sinewy neck, dentures, a floppy hat, and a habit of running "the tip of his tongue around the corners of his mouth in an obscenely suggestive manner," (14). Aschenbach arrives in Venice only to be confronted with another blip on his gaydar, the gondolier. He is brutal-looking, with a yellow sash, unraveling straw hat, blonde hair, a snub nose, bared teeth and furrows between his eyebrows. He tells Aschenbach "You will pay," (18). The last strange fellow, the guitarist, comes much later on. He is emaciated, with a shabby hat, red hair, scrawny neck, beardless, p ale, a snub nose, with furrows between his eyebrows and a habit of "letting his tongue play lasciviously at the corner of his mouth." He also smells of disinfectant (50). The guitarist, like most l... ...es linger on his admirer, and Aschenbach does not seem as pathetic. The object of his affection is willing, and we lose some of the tension from the novel. Most of the mythological, psychological and philosophical references have been removed. Visconti makes Aschenbach a composer, not a writer, with a strong relationship to his (dead?) family. His character is not as fully rendered as in the novel but it is sufficient. Tadzio is probably the best part of the movie. The casting was spot-on and one can see how a grown man could fall in love with that. Some of the strange men are there, most notably the guitarist, but the repetition is not emphasized. The film shows Venice's descent into epidemic well, with the street bonfires and disinfecting of the streets. Overall the movie is almost watchable for an art film, but it does not do justice to the very complex novella.